Current evidence indicates that the risk of meningitis and CNS infections after ESBS is low, especially in uncomplicated cases without CSF leaks. Post-operative antibiotics show no clear benefit in these patients and are not recommended. In cases with CSF leaks, the risk of infection is significantly higher, requiring careful management by the surgeon.
The risk of complications after CI surgery is low, but severity may impact antibiotic prescribing patterns, despite limited evidence. Studies indicate that a single intra-operative dose of antibiotics can prevent post-operative infections in both children and adults, though they have limitations such as retrospective designs and differing surgical practices. Until more randomized controlled trials are conducted, antibiotic use will likely depend on individual provider choice, especially for children who have higher rates of otitis media. Future research should focus on controlled trials at single centers to better understand the role of prophylactic antibiotics in CI surgery.
Post-implantation music training has significant benefits in enhancing music perception in CI users, specifically in music instrument recognition, melodic contour identification, and emotion discernment; younger age, longer duration of music training, and bilateral CI use are positive predictors of success.
Cognitive behavioral therapy is an effective treatment option for individuals with bothersome tinnitus, particularly for those with high levels of tinnitus distress and anxiety.
Despite limited randomized trials specific to AERD, the consistent improvements in sinonasal outcomes across studies strongly support dupilumab as an effective treatment for AERD patients post-FESS.
Authors recommend delaying elective surgery for six to 14 months depending on patient risk factors, surgical complexity, and urgency.
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is among the most prevalent chronic medical conditions globally. A survey of Canadian households reported the prevalence of CRS to be 5%. CRS is a clinical syndrome defined by persistent symptomatic inflammation of the mucosa in the nasal cavities and sinuses. A common subtype of CRS is CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), which is identified through endoscopy or imaging
Fresh frozen homologous costal cartilage in rhinoplasty represents an alternative approach that has been described mostly through single-surgeon case series in the existing literature.
Hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HGNS) therapy has become a more frequently employed tool in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea since its approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2014. One of the benefits of HGNS therapy is the low morbidity associated with the procedure.
Tracheocutaneous fistulae (TCF) involve a remnant skin tract that connects the external cervical skin with the anterior trachea following decannulation of a tracheostomy tube (TT). Due to the young age at insertion, length of TT dependence, and propensity for removal with aging, persistent pediatric TCF (PPTCF) are more frequent than in adults. Methods of management are varied, and ideal approaches to management are debated.