How to: Improving the Outcomes of Anterior Septal Perforations Repair with Combined Flaps

by Octavio Garaycochea, MD, PhD, Camilo Rodríguez Van Strahlen, MD, María J. Rojas-Lechuga, MD, and Isam Alobid, MD, PhD •

INTRODUCTION

Different endoscopic techniques to repair septal perforations (SP) using pedicle endonasal flaps (PEF) have been developed in recent years. Anterior ethmoidal artery flaps, including the simple and the extended (eAEA), and greater palatine artery (GPA) flaps are widely used procedures with a success rate exceeding 90% (Laryngoscope. 2022;132:298–300; Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. 2021;278:2115–2121). The inverted edges (EE) flap is a mucosal flap rotation technique, in which the edges of the SP are raised and rotated to the contralateral side of the nasal cavity (Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;130:109817).

Anterior SPs are technically challenging, with a higher risk of recurrence, especially those that have their upper edge in a high position (Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;20:58–65). The objective of this study is to describe the combination of a partial EE with a PEF (eAEA or GPA), in which the anterior incision includes the contralateral mucosa. We believe that the combination of both techniques can be useful for the anterior closure of SP, especially in those in which the anterior edge of the perforation reaches the skin of the columella.

METHOD

Surgical Technique

The zigzag flap incision: The nasal septum and nasal floor are infiltrated with a solution of bupivacaine (0.25%) and epinephrine (1:1,000,000). For an eAEA, a posterior vertical septal incision is made at the level of the junction of the perpendicular plate with the sphenoid rostrum. The incision descends, involving all the sphenoid rostrum mucosa, and continues through the choanal arch and the posterior septal border until it reaches the floor of the nostril, then runs through the junction of the hard and soft palate until it reaches the posterior and lateral limit of the inferior meatus (Figure 1A). If a GPA is performed, the posterior vertical septal incision is performed 1 cm inferior to the olfactory sulcus, then is prolonged from the septum across the junction of the soft and hard palate to the inferior meatus.

The anterior incision starts at the level of the middle turbinate and descends vertically through the nasal septum, until it reaches the postero-superior edge of the SP. At this point, it continues toward the contralateral nostril with a posterior direction, and then descends toward the inferior–posterior border of the SP, obtaining mucosa posteriorly to the posterior edge of the SP in the contralateral nostril. Subsequently, it runs toward the inferior–anterior border, gaining mucosa inferiorly to the inferior edge of the SP (Figures 1A, 1B). At that point, the incision goes back to the initial nostril, going toward the floor and later reaching the anterior limit of the inferior meatus. A lateral incision joins the anterior and posterior incisions along the lateral limit of the inferior meatus.